CJK 

EX 


UNTED  FROM  THE  JEWISH   QUARTERLY  REVIEW 

NEW  SERIES 
VOLUME  V,  NUMBER  2 


NOTES  ON 

POST-TALMUDIC-ARAMAIC 
LEXICOGRAPHY 

I 


BY 


J.  N.  EPSTEIN 


PHILADELPHIA 
THE  DROPSIE  COLLEGE  FOR  HEBREW  AND  COGNATE  LEARNING 

1914 


>  /."/?."/*, 


NOTES  ON  POST-TALMUDIC-ARAMAIC 
LEXICOGRAPHY 

BY  J.  N.  EPSTEIN,  Charlottenburg. 

THE  lexicon  of  the  Jewish-Babylonian-Aramaic  dialect 
was  by  no  means  sealed  with  the  completion  of  the 
Babylonian  Talmud.  The  '  Aramaic '  was  alive  and  spoken 
by  non-Jews  as  well  as  Jews  down  to  the  last  days  of  the 
Gaonate  (to  be  treated  elsewhere).  This  Aramaic  dialect — 
which  I  might  style  the  Jewish  '  Nabatean ' — is  preserved 
in  the  writings  of  the  Geonim :  in  the  Seder  Olam  Zuta, 
Shimusha  rabba  (p^am  nan  NBWt?),  in  the  Gemara  to 
Kalla  r.,  the  Sheeltot  of  R.  Ahai,1  Halakot  Pesukot  and 
Halakot  Gedolot,  in  the  Aramaic  commentaries  and  responsa 
of  the  Geonim  (to  which  belongs  also  R.  Amratn's  Seder), 
and — on  the  non-rabbinic  side — in  Anan's  writings.  But 
the  linguistic  nature  of  that  literature  has  hitherto  been 
neglected  to  such  an  extent  that  it  now  becomes  imperative 
to  emphasize  as  strongly  as  possible  the  relation  and  exact 
nature  of  this  '  Nabatean '  dialect  and — what  is  particularly 
important — its  aid  in  the  explanation  of  some  talmudic 
words.  As  a  contribution  along  these  lines  the  present 
article  offers  disconnected  lexical  (sometimes  also  textual) 
notes  to  the  above-mentioned  works,  my  wish  being  to 
turn  the  attention  of  Semitic  scholars  to  those  important 
linguistic  documents. 

1  See  Poznanski  in  JQR.,  New  Series,  III,  405  ff. 
233 

2097894 


234  THE    JEWISH    QUARTERLY    REVIEW 

I  begin  with  Anan's  writings  because  they  are  free  from 
talmudic  quotations  and  hence  cannot  have  been  directly 
influenced  by  the  language  of  the  Talmud. 

I 

LINGUISTIC  REMARKS  TO  ANAN'S 
Sepher  ha-Misivot? 

Anan's  language  does  not  differ  in  the  least  from  that 
of  the  Geonim  ;  at  the  utmost  he  employs  very  few  Persian 
words,  which  is  not  the  case  with  the  Geonim.  An  Arabism 
is  probably  Dfo  (=  J.>),  no.  6  a,  and  perhaps  also  Mn, 
no.  i6.2a  The  1  in  the  part.  pi.  which  is  found  in  the 
Jewish-Palestinian  (rarely,  comp.  Dalman,  Grammatik  des 
jud.-pal.  Aramaisch,  p.  229)  and  frequently  in  the  bab. 
Talmud  (Margolis,  Lehrbuch  d.  aram.  Sprache  d.  Talm., 
pp.  40  f.)  3  and  likewise  by  the  Geonim,  I  find  in  Anan  only 
in  the  case  of  verbs  tertiae  ':  WN3,  1JD,  alongside  with  ^3, 
WKD  (pp.  33-5),  HKP  (34),  UDB  (56),  UNDO  (66),  ivtn  (57), 
pnp,  pwa,  ptaro/  pv.ro,  pwnsw,  &c.,  which  is  perhaps  to  be 
ascribed  to  the  Arabic  influence.  The  orthography  is  that 
of  the  gaonic  writings  (comp.  my  '  Rechtsgutachten,  &c.'  in 
Jahrbuch  d.  jild.  lit.  Ges.,  IX,  230  ff.),  in  accordance  with 
the  Babylonian  pronunciation,  of  which  there  are  traces  left 

2  Harkavy   (  =  Hark.),    Stud.    u.   Mitt.,  VIII,    St.    Petersburg,    1903  ; 
Schechter   (=  Sch.),   Documents,   &c.,    II,    pj6  Dimi  1SDD    D^DIBJlp, 
Cambridge,  1910. 

Sa   Perhaps  also  Nriv3p,  Anan,  Hark.  20,  see  Hark.,  I.e.,  note  4. 

3  Comp.  Seidel  in  HvHTBWI   nninn,  I,  Jerusalem,  1913,  p.  69. 

4  Once  Hark.  39:  p^XD,   to  which  the  editor  remarks:    DJ7  ^^   p 
(Ht3^   pi   p'bifD  ICO)  ^33H  HpJO  D^inn.      Hark,   probably  changed 
here  the  Babylonian  holem  (^-)  to  a  Tiberian  (— — )  ;  for  -:—  is  hirek  in  the 
Babylonian  punctuation  ! 


POST-TALMUDIC-ARAMAIC    LEXICOGRAPHY  —  EPSTEIN       235 

in  the  Talmud  (Noldeke,  Mand.  Grammatik,  p.  59)  and 
which  is  used  throughout  in  Mandaic  and  '  Nabatean  '. 
Matres  lectionis  are  employed  instead  of  vowels  (as  in 
Mandaic),  n  instead  of  n  (TNWj  p.  28  ;  iTnii"6,  pp.  10  and  21  ; 
nrtKD,  see  below),  and  so  on.  Furthermore,  frequent  elision 
of  "i  (N3nN,  NDN  ;  Gaonic  also  NDSD,  N^ip,  even  assimilation 
to  the  following  b  :  FP7  ^"2&b,  see  no.  16  note);  1  instead 
of  i  ("piasn  =  'pun)  ;  n  for  n  (par-  =  pan)  ;  :  for  b  (tu  —  ch  ; 
comp.  KDfU,  Mand.  xvrh  ;  mw,  Mand.  Nia^  '  foot  ',  &c.)  and 
like  changes. 

i.  Hark.,  p.  7,  1.  8  f.  b:  Ttsnh  6n&n:i  IB»D,  furthermore 


p.  8,  1.  9  :  a>  nDsn  nt^x  53i  'an  NnrPN  n  NT»^  n^o.  T^D  and 
NT1'^  do  not  mean  here,  as  Harkavy  thinks,  '  throw  '  (THMl^), 
'  pass  a  thread  '  —  this  would  require  in  Aramaic  NOT'D,  N^l 
from  the  root  NCH  (Men.  39  a,  43  a  et  al.}  6  —  but  '  spin  ', 
talmudic  N1^,  HB>  :  Ket.  72  b  N3^B  NHB>  Np  nnn11  ; 
Git.  69  a  ...  nan  rrniBn  Nnninn  sDin,  and  Suk.  16  a 
»i>BW  xn^ci.  In  gaonic  literature:  Geonica,  p.  325, 

XLI:  y*noa  n^D^  ^:  pain  (uv*  =  spindle),  and  ibid. 
XLV:  ~\wvh  D11^  jnason.  Arab.  liC,  J^l  II  =  stamina 
telae  disposuit  ;  <J^  ,  s'lSH.  =  stamen?  The  passage  must 
therefore  be  translated  into  Hebrew  as  follows  :  Detain  TW9y? 
rWtfi>,  hence  no^  iT»iD  as  Suk.  9  a,  Men.  42  a  (which  Hark. 
had  already  pointed  out  on  p.  126).  Likewise  on  p.  8  the 
Hebrew  rendering  should  be  :  8  nnt^  nta»  ni^N  DJ  nilD^  ^3N* 
[!"vu:  nn^a]  3^  n^3n  n^N  ^>3i  'xJty  jnis.  The  gaonic  and 


5  The  misprint  I|"1X"13  is  corrected  on  p.  196. 

6  Also  Sheeltot,  no.  96,  end  :  WI^H   n 

7  I    believe,   therefore,    that   Noldeke  (Nene  Beitrage,  p.  144,  note  i)   is 
wrong  in  assuming  (JjuD    to  be  a  loan-word  from  the  Aram.-Syr.  NTlK', 
Hebrew  VlE>. 

8  This  is  permitted  also  by  R.  Meir  of  Rothenburg,  Hag.  Maim.,  Sisit, 

1,12. 


236  THE    JEWISH    QUARTERLY    REVIEW 

Ananic  verb  is  TIP,  Ti?  (YJ*D,  NTS?)  ;  the  talmudic  and 
Arabic  on  the  other  hand  HB>,  NIP  (Nnp  4«ne>,  NYJta). 

^^    Indeed,  the  verba  tertiae  1  and  »  and  those  mediae  1  and  » 
IT  *T*~  *y 

)  often   interchange.  —  n«na   (p.  7),   ma   (p.  8)    were  rightly 

rendered  D'Uin  by  Harkavy.  Syr.  ?^(  )?^=  licium  (Payne 
Smith,  650)  ;  Nabatean  nN13  ("K^3)  from  which  Arab.  .>!!». 
is  borrowed.  Cf.  Gawaliki,  Muarrab,  ed.  Sachau,  p.  42,: 

9  JJJT  ilklUU  jij  »jJulM  J»p&^  £&F>    The  word  also  occurs 
in  the  Talmud  a  number  of  times,  but  in  a  corrupt  form  : 
Men.  42  b  pman   for  pD'an    pi    D^npn  jo  (edit,   pYian),  so 
Amram  Gaon,  Geonica,  331  —  thrice  !  —  with  the  explanation  : 
pain  (read  iniK)  miK  nox  ^  nan  ans^  anw  paa  priri  p 

10  nan  nnn^K'  nnxi?  *n^n  jo  nnuti',  so  also  in  the  rTo 
cited  below  ;  Targ.  Yer.  I,  Num.  15.  38  :   }o  vb\  N^o^a  JD 
s^ma  jo  N^I  X^D^D  (edit.  «ma)  ;  Shab.  134  a  :  Nina  NpaT 
(edit  tma,  MS.  M.  KT»a)  ;  Men.  31  b:  p-nn  ^3N  pn»aa  *^o  'am 
N^,  edit,  pnnaa,  but  so   in   the   n^o  nD^n  in  onvo  naa, 
ed.  Adler,  Oxford,   1897,  42,  with  the  explanation:    'YSi 
pi  pman  joi   pjnpn  p  nNB>y  naio  naoon  p-onan  K\nna  inn: 
i3nin  Nin^D  nann  jo  amsn  I"^»B>  nnDon  >w  'T-SI  H^DD  po^an  ; 
Bek.  8b:"nnl  ^  *ana  (edit.  »YTJ)  ;  "Syr.nna,  N-jna,  lidum— 
as  I  have  already  remarked  —  but  also:   stamina  ultima 
quae  a  ingo  abscinduntur  ,  BA.  BB  :  pbm  npnwn  WNDT 

ND  pposnoi  «Saa  (Payne  Smith,  650). 


2.  p.  8:  NrDTi  "3  r6  Ta*D^  jaiya.  rto  wi&  is  not  to  be 
rendered  with  Harkavy  nniK  TOf&,  but  to  be  read,  in 
accordance  with  facsimile  no.  i,  as  one  word  iiTTOcfc  and 

9  Frankel,  256.     In  Mandaic  3  for  3  is  not  rare,  comp.  NOldeke,  Maud. 
Gramm..  p.  41. 

10  Similarly  Rashi,  Suk.  93  :  IHIO  H^LSH  ^103  phnB'  (franges) 


_ 

11  Probably  also  Targ.  Job  7.  6:  >HO  nH~U    }D  l^p   W  should  be 
read  nma,  Peshitta  pip  "TTa"  fD  l^p   W. 


POST-TALMUDIC-ARAMAIC    LEXICOGRAPHY — EPSTEIN       237 

rendered  by  feftifc  (]fl^&)  from  ^  =  twist,  weave.  As  to  the 
form  comp.  the  infinitives  i"P*nT»  (p.  7),  rtySPfVvh  (p.  n),  &c. ; 
likewise  in  Mandaic ;  and  in  gaonic  literature:  n"W» 
(Geonica,  107,  4),  H^p»B*B  (ibid.,  234,  13),  &c. 

3.  Ibid. :  'a  ^y  msntn  anr  >mn  . . .  ana^o  'a  5>y  nonx  ^1 
po^a,  read  ona<»  and  pona  '  twisted,  woven ' ;  Arab.  j£»  = 
contorsit  funem,  l^o  =  £#•  duabus  aut  pluribus  partibus  in 
unum  contortus,funis  contorttis  bicolor.    The  latter  =  Hebr. 
Dnpia  naa ,  Assyr.  burmu. 

4.  p.  9 :  '•Tin  5>y  [isiDjN  pnnij  NBira  }ini?  pnm.    pnn 
is  not  denom.  of  "H,  ^  (Hark.),  but  of  TIT  =  press,  Hebr. 
(Judges  6.  38)   and   talmudic,   as   NTV  Niso,   Nlltoi   N"Fr, 
iTf>  l«r  'keeps  it  back'  (neon  KO^BN  BM.  i6b).     Translate 
therefore :    '  and  we  press  both  ends  together  through  a 
thread.' 

5.  p.  12:  NnaVD  *Wno  *an.     As  Harkavy  remarks,  the 
reading  l^no  is  likewise  possible,  which  is  of  course  right. 
There  is  no  reason  to  correct  it  so  as  to  read  TTTO  (Hark.) ; 
it  is  found  moreover  also  in  Sch.,  p.  28, 1.  7  :  "Vn,  1. 10,  16-20  : 
'TiTi,  22 :  NTPn,  22  and  24TTIE,  and  is  also  preserved  in  Syriac, 
inKal:  rPN^m  Dpi  .noena  nhaa  j*aanNi  ,Kiina  n^aa  nn  nnni  (^4»^- 
^?/«  Syriaca,  III,  75, 17),  'and  the  soul  (the  life)  returned  to 
the  bull,  &c.'  (comp.  vi>N  inn  ac'ni  I  Sam.  30.  12).     In  Pael 
in  a  Syriac  inscription  of  Serrin  (Beitrdge  z.  Assyr.,  VII,  a, 
1 60),  1.  6:   $>an»  &nay  Man  nxnn  p;  INH  =^n   Pael  in  the 
meaning  of  '  alter ', '  destroy '  (comp.  B.  Moritz,  /.  e.,  p.  163) 
(Assyr.  tarti   means   also  'to  alter').      Also  Arab.  ^15  = 
circumivit,  conversus  fuit  (but  not  to  be  confused  with^lo, 
as  in  Payne  Smith,  p.  4412);  Assyr.  taru  =  turn,  return, 
II.   bring   back ;    Hebr.  "Ml  =  turn   about   (Num.   15.  39), 
then  'go  to  and  from ',  'spy  out '  (comp.  ian). 


238  THE    JEWISH    QUARTERLY    REVIEW 

6.  p.    22,   1.  8   read  :    enao   *ia   «IN*T,   so   according   to 
facsimile  no.  2.12—  p.  23,  1.  9  read  :  SI^DI  Benson  Kin  imta  13, 
according  to  the  same   facsimile.  —  1.   n    read:    KB>O01,  so 
facsimile. 

7.  p.  28,  last  line:   123   DTob  »jm   pa  3[£l]ni   -|3   NOW. 
DTD,  Arab.  *U  '  last,  continue  '  (if  it  is  not  to  be  emended  to 


-  P-  33  : 

irrjna  nna  innaN  IPOI.    Furthermore  p.  35  :  innas'  v^wo 
Nin  .  .  .  nyio  ^nsb  pi»»jn  wvjn 

nyio 
and  p.  36  : 


n^ynai  nna^w  rpi»  snt^aa  Ivan  »tw»  ^.  From  all 
these  passages  it  is  proved  conclusively  that  innax  is  not 
m^inm-OK  (Hark.,  p.  33,  n.  4),  but  =  ynt  '  arm  ',  parallel  to 
irrpt?.  The  word  is  found  to  have  this  meaning  already  in 
the  Talmud,  Shab.  90  b  t^MpKH  tna'N3  (Rashi  :  ^MDV  ynn), 
furthermore  Ber.  5  a,  according  to  the  reading  of  R.  Baruk 
(who  also  explains  the  miTtf  of  BM.  in  the  same  way)  : 
nna<t6  n^a  (edit,  n'ym^)  ;  13  Syr.  JW*  BB.  j.cUI  «y^n  N-QN 
(PSm.  19).  Hence  read  on  p.  33:  [irrpan  inn*  nna]  innas 
in>yi3  nna,  as  likewise  p.  36. 

9.  p.  37:  lion  »3  NON  ^3  phn.  Harkavy  considers  the 
first  ^  superfluous,  but  it  is  not  so.  It  is  rather  the  Syr. 
**o  =  then,  indeed,  so  =  nam  =  KC,  which  Anan  employs 
also  in  another  place,  p.  41  :  ""NEK  xnnny  jvbb  anpn  N^ 

12  The  notes  a,  3,  1  in  Hark,  are  misplaced  in  print,  instead  of  a  read  T  , 
for  3  read  a  ,  for  T  read  3  . 

13  Yo/iasin,    ed.   Filipowski,   p.   53  :    "njpp  nna'N    B>TD  inn    13"311 

K^n  j3nv  '-n  xnin3  ^231  nna^K  n^a  niana 
Dia. 


POST-TALMUDIC-ARAMAIC    LEXICOGRAPHY  —  EPSTEIN      239 


nrrny  n&afc  iNb  (why  then  the  words  finny  ntab?)  '3 
?iT7  nt?  'B  na.  Furthermore,  in  the  formularies  of  decrees 
published  by  Aptowitzer  in  JQR.,  N.  S.,  IV  (1913),  28: 
fb'ttb  »3«en  '3  'tWK  'b  JVN  ICKI.  Geonica,  234,  n  :  1M  *3  *anh 
'  and  according  to  Rabbi  then  also  '  (not  'DJ  '•a  '  when  also  '). 
Likewise  ordinarily  in  connexion  with  the  introductory 
interrogative  particle  H30  :  'nan  o,  in  Anan,  Hark.,  p.  56  : 
.  .  .  r6s«  anao  n^b  nob  NCDH  nab  nn  Ntwna  rrb  anai  na^D  o; 
with  the  Geonim,  ed.  Cassel,  no.  21  (fol.  5  a,  1.  12)  :  na  p^ini 
.  .  .  'TNI  '•TN  na»o  »3  (missing  in  the  editions  Ket.  79  b)  ; 
no.  72,  fol.  21  a:  ...  D^a  '•na^o  '•a  ;  Hark.,  Rechtsgutachten, 
no.  251  (p.  1  27,  below)  :  mw  7n  na»D  O  (Shab.  32  b)  p^poi 
.  .  .  N^J.I  ;  *£zV/.,p.  207  :  .  .  .  ir  na"D  '•a  ;  p.  161  :  Na'b  na^o  '•a 
,  .  .  eyre  nby  ;  p.  268  :  .  .  .  ntryD  *Kn  na»o  "a  ;  HG.,ed.  Berlin, 
p.  79:  ...  a«no  nsvm  by  nans  »ai  (ed.  Ven.,  16  c,  "ai  is 
missing)  and  finally  Sherira  Gaon  in  his  Epistle  (B.  Lewin, 
Prolegomena,  p.  52):  "Nob  Nnb^o  snb^T  Npn  *D3  n11!  wpni 
ja  ^n"ob  nno^s  ^sob  fa  n^b  wn  nac  '•a  NWN,  comp.  talmudic 
nn^Q  '•ai  and  Levy's  Wb'rterbuch>  s.  v.  '•a  III,  2). 


10.  p.  42:  Nnm  N»a  IN  nyasy  inn  nny^  sin 

a^RD.  The  IN  is  not  faulty  and  superfluous  (Hark.)  ; 
the  phrase  NTm  NE3  IN  rather  signifies  '  or  however  much 
she  may  see'14  with  reference  to  nnyjy  Nin.  —  ibid.,  1.  19: 
'131  NEN  Np.  From  here  on  the  text  is  fragmentary  also  in 
Schechter,  p.  33  f.  In  Harkavy  the  beginning  of  fol.  12  a 
(of  MS.  B)  is  wanting,  but  this  may  now  be  supplied  from 
Schechter,  loc.  cit.,  1.  5  ff.,  as  follows  :  ny  N]cBl  (1.  5,  middle) 
ny  IBB»D  in^s:  pjnn  D^t3p  ib^sNi  na  [yaii  bai]  (6)  [anyn 


14  Comp.   also    SCO,    Geonica,  103,  20:    '•ll^B'    N03 
NO3   Ha   p^im  ('various,  several,  many  things'-),  163,  9: 
pyiDBH  Kn*3  ('as  long  as',  as  in  Syr.)  ;  234,  10  :  na:   n 
as  long  as  ;  99,  12:  na  WyOl  ND31  'as  soon  as  '. 

VOL.  V.  R 


240  THE    JEWISH    QUARTERLY    REVIEW 


wo  fen  3-iyn  ny  NED<  na  y«n  b  avian 
••WHO  lino  nfenna^  antqn  S>ai  icons  prrfer  N3  [?»n  s-nns]  (8) 
'131  b  3TDH  N»:E&  ny  a»n[DOi  tfea]  (9)  in  accordance  with 
Hark.,  1.  7  ff.  from  below.  [.  .  ,  K]OOI,  Lev.  15.  9;  here, 
in  Sch.,  NODI  instead  of  NCO'  as  in  Hark.,  p.  41,  1.  19. 
Also  the  beginning  of  fol.  12  b  of  MS.  B,  Hark.,  p.  43, 
is  wanting;  but  again  it  may  be  supplied  partly  from 
Sch..  p.  34.  For  by  baxn  ~\VK  B>D3m  37131,  end  of  fol.  12  a, 
Hark.,  p.  43,  1.  18,  not  Lev.  7.  20  is  meant,  as  Hark. 
assumes  —  in  consequence  of  which  he  had  to  make  a  very 
forced  statement—  but  Lev.  17.  15:  nfeaj."  ^3Kn  IBtt  B>w  ^31 
'ui  onsa  ymi  visa  0331  -uai  niTN3  nsnoi.  Thus  mrm  is 
expressly  mentioned  here  with  reference  to  one  who  eats 
a  H733.  The  lacunae  at  the  beginning  of  fol.  12  b,  Hark., 
p.  43,  may  be  filled  out  partly  from  Sch.  34,  1—5  :  16 
[yan  ^3]  ...  irvi>y  N':n  (3)  ...  13  wm  (2)  ...  ^ai  p[ittui6]  (i) 
n  .....  (5)  [  .....  «]nKDi  NK'o^  N3iyn  ny  3"nD>D  pna  (4) 
'131  DS  3^n3T,  in  accordance  with  Hark.,  1.  19  f.  —  In  Sch., 
P-  33i  on  tne  other  hand,  supply  from  Hark,  as  follows  : 
yap  mrr]  (2)  [nitno  nnnj  n]y  [«i>3  o»an  D^O^  NCN  NP  .  .  .]  (i) 
nmj]  (3)  [ny]  N^3  [»aa  NCN  NP  ^nno  <o»  nya^  ni> 
nya-^o  ^an  Nvn  »a]  (4)  [>:]  nma  ny 
nnxoo]  (5)  [nyas^J  ny  «»in  »a  ^3N  nyat? 


ii.   p.  44,  1.  6  f.  from  below,  read  :  KB^p  131T 
•n  3^n3T  Kin  NCD  n*wa  nn3T  '•a 


ntra  D^nnn  ix  [mr  n]«  nc^a.    NS^CD  =  dense,  thick,  opposite 
of  fflpfep,  is  frequent  in  the  Talmud  ;   NP3N1  =  and  sticks, 

18  Anan  has  C'BJiTI  instead  of  tJ'BJ  ^31  ;  the  citations  from  the  Bible  are 
not  always  correct  in  Anan. 

18  1.  6:  f?y  DN  '•ND,  in  Hark.  Hence  supply  DN—  not  DfcO—  as  ibid., 
1.  19.  Again  an  incorrect  citation  ! 


POST-TALMUDIC-ARAMAIC    LEXICOGRAPHY — EPSTEIN       241 

pax  in  Talmud  and  Targum  means  'to  bind,  to  cleave' 
(=  DTinn!). 

12.  p.  47:  'jpaai  TT^O  »JW.  Etymologically  '¥"33  has 
nothing  to  do  with  W23  (Hark.),  but  with  the  Syr.  JL-  = 
to  press,  talm.  ncm  NV^Hn  ,Nyi3Hn,  BM.  993,  'something 
pressed  '  (Levy,  II,  7  a) ;  comp.  also  the  talm.  p13  =  to  draw 
together,  to  shrink. 

J3-  P-  52:  K*D  ( 
nnD'3  rr^D  i?j? ;  read  TB^5  '  to  submerge  ',17  from  the  talm. 
1DK  (comp.  ^niOK  13),  Syr.  ^ao^.  Comp.  Gittin  67  b: 
nio^i  n^i^y  Noi'y  ^^m  ny  nnwx  ny  «»D3  oip^i  (and  let  him 
submerge),  see  Levy,  III,  42  (against  I,  566  b),  Kohut,  1, 1 15. 
Comp.  also  Hal.  Ged.,  ed.  Yen.,  fol.  85  b:  N'O  ns>»w  K$nai 
»DI  Tatri  xn^^aa  NTWD  nnoip  n^ia  Nnn^x  woTwrS;  inGaonic 
Resp.,  nairn  nyi?,  no.  171,  ed.  Lipsiae,  it  reads  NI»IIE!J  (as  if 
from  "IDS  '  to  say ' !),  but  the  correct  reading  is  of  course 
NlD'oij  from  noN. 

14.  p.    55:    iT^y    DlSJTD    N!>    iT3    jn»    N^    "3    H^   ^3K   INT. 

Some  manuscripts  have  D'anD  (Hark.).  Read  Dian^D,  D'3nD 
'to  be  rebuked,  to  be  punished',  Syr.  DW  (PSm.  1709), 
DD3  (/^V/.,  1777),  example  x^a  Mnay  f?y  j^DS  Di3,  Dpanx, 
D3nnx ;  targumic  Dp3  cto  punish,  upbraid'  (Levy  I,  377), 
in  Targum  usually  aphel,  but  also  Kal  as  Prov.  9.  8 
SJp'-DO^  D«'n  N^  (ed.  Lagarde  D-'Sn,  «//z.,  Peshitta  D3n, 
Levy,  loc.  cit.}. 

15.  p.  63 :  nn^  INVI  NON  Npn  «n^  pin  N-iayon  ^a  'xcx 
=  Why  (do  we  have  n*1^*)  ?     Each  one  that  is  pregnant 
bears  two,  hence  rT"^11  INVI.     Nothing  therefore  is  wanting 
here  (against  Hark.) ;  likewise  p.  41 :  nnny  nb&  ivb 

17  Hark.'s  nn1|D,5  fits  badly;  indeed,  Anan  would  have  written  ~i 
for  it,  see  below  to  p.  103. 

R  2 


242  THE   JEWISH    QUARTERLY    REVIEW 

n^  ns?  »o  na  aipoi'  (above  to  p.  37)  ;  p.  97,  no.  20  :  xex 


"or  <KDK  -paK  nny  and  Sch.,  p.  4,  1.7  :  K[»K  sp] 
/KDK  B*K.     So  already  in  the  Talmud  :  Naz.  7  a  : 
'13  sm  'KDN  ;   Tamid,  26  b:  np  N3n  D»an  inb  np  nnn 


niina  »ma  in  ;  ibid.  :  nice  i«y>  »KDKI  ;  Ker.  5  a  :  piaTi  *NCK 
'13  "]i?D1  W  ;  comp.  below  on  Sheeltot. 

16.  pp.  64  below  and  65  above:    N3ND  Ninnb  nnvnb. 
nvn  is  a  regular  inf.  pael  of  "Jin,  as  »nv:  of  113,  nrn  (above 
to  p.  12)  of  Tin  and  so  on. 

17.  p.  65  :   'i3i    rwx   J?D'^   none   HDISD  xn   ^ 


=  nanw,"  as  sns  —  nnt<  (frequently  in  Anan  and 
already  in  Talmud  fcWN,  imp.  and  impf.,  with  the  Geonim 
also  N3NT  NDN,  Geonica,  80,  below,  and  even  n^DM  instead  of 
rvb  NC«  =  n»^  ION,  j'^tt/.,  266,  1.  31,  32;  267,  1.  27,  28  bis, 
35,  &c.  ;  also  Anan,  Hark.  34)  ;  and  *]i>»'N  instead  of 
"]*?  KO^N  (Geonica,  103,  21:  l^D\s*  Nnsi,  22: 
also  199  below,  to)  ;  NDBD  =  "1D2D  (Geonica,  106  :  p 

xhp  =  n^p   (Hark.,  no.   244  =  364  :  use*  nr  N^ipi 
nonoi  ^IDNH  "ihp  wn  "ons  pe&a  onoiK)  ;  suit  = 
»pK  =  1»PK    (Geonica,    ibid.  :     N1D3    'pxai  =  n'pxai  = 
;  and  pp'K,  p.  88  (see  below)  =  pnp'K.19    «n  is  found 
also  below  :  'aj  (p.  66)  20  «n  KDt3»  Dm  yawn  i>3  N3sn  ^SLD  *anh 
..«»«.     It  is  the  talmudic  K«n  =  Arabic  "i  'quickly, 
soon  '   (Levy,  I,  405  a).     Kn   is  here,  as  above 


18  KaiK  (  =  -OTK)  also  Geonica,  233,  5:  nD%J'   K21N  [JKO  H^lp],  read 


,  Gi(fin,gb,  edit.  "13T.  Comp.  Hark.,  Resp.,  p.  120  :  131N  fSO 
',  Pjts.  sab,  ed.  "H3T.  Also  assimilation  to  the  following  word: 
i"Pt>  /*3B'D  (Geonica,  104,  2)  =  "VJ^'D,  comp.  Syr.  ?nD  which  originated 
from  ~?  friD  (Brockelmann). 

19  Comp.  also  my  remark  in  Jahrbuch  d.  jtid.  lit.  Ges.,  X,  p.  380. 

20  The  points  over  "  are  not  annulling  signs  ,Hark.),  but  zere  (—  )  of  the 
superlinear  punctuation,  perhaps  pathah  hatuph  -^-  . 


POST-TALMUDIC-ARAMAIC    LEXICOGRAPHY  —  EPSTEIN       243 


noieo  (also  elsewhere),  the  same  as  ""Nil  ;  hence 
translate  :  '  and  he  mentions  'iai  yDB>  soon  after  noia  noiSD  ', 
and  likewise  below  :  '  soon  with  reference  to  .  .  .  ' 

1  8.  Ibid.:  531^  wn  Nan  B»nKBD  Npn  .  .  ,  55  sn  ina  B*-IKBX 
Instead  of  ca  read,  as  the  following,  D3  =  Syr.  D^>,  for  which 
Talmud  has  *m  (Noldeke,  Mandaische  Grammatik,  485), 
comp.  also  Hark,  below,  p.  98:  PTDN  Nn  ^J  •nan  '•BO  i>a  Nn. 
(''EO  also  elsewhere  frequently)  ch  in  gaonic  literature  in 
the  sense  of  *»3,  Geonica,  257,  1.  20  f.  :  up  rvnjHD  ll^]  ''N 
na"K  D^  N^in  nin  N^T  yw»i>  «i>3»  mn  WD. 

19.  p.  81:   no£&  nnn^x  »aai  ,  ,  .  n^nc'  »3 

,  .  ,  nnan  pnw  ,  ,  .  }usip.     Read   jwKnp^oi  (= 

}WK  NlplDl)  in  one  word,  as  e.g.  48  NDNT'D,  46 

71  N'^in^D,  75  NCNiron  —  some  manuscripts  NONna  *on  —  and 

more   (see   my  Rechtsgutachten>   &c.,   p.   231).     Translate 

therefore  :  '  and  since  he  named  them,  &c.' 

20.  p.  83  :  naio  ^PKK*  '•a  n-a  '20N  pin  D'Npn  KWDK  u«m 
S20N  pin  T'ayNT.    Harkavy  translates  D^NXn,  deriving  it  from 
N^D  'side'.     But  it  is  rather  the  talmudic  ''SON,  Ab.  zarah  ^fi 
35  b:  ^BDS*  W2  "Npn,  MS.  M.  1>at:1|N,  Hark.,  Responsa,  23  :  y*a 
(«y\JLLUl  J}!-"))  nspnybx  pa  '•END-N  '  in  the  scars,  pores  '  (of  the 
cheese),  Rashi  mown  Tina,  Aruk  n^ajn  nina  m^aa  =  folds  21 

in  the  cheese.  As  for  gaonic  literature  comp.  Hal.  Ged., 
ed.  Berlin,  532  (=  ed.  Ven.,  129  c)  :  roK>»  pa  NDno  n^y  ^ax 
-|inb  nr  iap»3i  XD1|Dj:nm  ••oa  >ai  '"strs  »:»a  '•cj  '•N  NDiai  VGHgcb 
na  i^  n"^  ni  (ed.  Ven.  corruptly  'Da  y»an)  ;  NSD^N  is  thus  'fold  ', 
'  bend  '  =  targ.  NDO^y  *bend,  *fold,  then  '  bosom  ',  '  Jap  ',  in 
which  sense  it  is  quite  frequent  (Levy,  II,  210)  ;  Arab.  uJ-kg 
=  everything  that  is  bent  or  folded,  every  curved  place  in 

21  Comp.  also  Pseudo-Saadya's  Comm.  Ber.  55  a  (ed.  Wertheimer,  19  a)  : 

,  see  below. 


244  THE    JEWISH    QUARTERLY    REVIEW 

the  body ;  Mand.  ^Nt3S  'turn  about'  (Noldeke,  Gramm.,  241) 


21.  p.  88:  7^5  pnnxnin  KDS?  5»y  rwian.    The  last  word, 
PP'N,  is  no  doubt  handed  down  correctly,  since  the  Karaite 
Abulfarag  Furkan  already  had  it,  but  he  failed  to  grasp  its 
meaning  (Hark.,  n.  5).     It  is  probably  =  p'VN,  but  rather 
than  being  a  scribal  error  it  is  a  vulgar  pronunciation  which 
elided   the  1   also   in   the  verb    (comp.   above  to  p.  65). 
Similarly,  in  the  Syr.  i>TN  :  |&WJ  (=  pTW),  with  the  Geonim 
imp.  T  (instead  of  i^f),  Geonica,  336:    1psj;  "im  T  ;  364,  12 
WPNii  n  ;  Hark.,  Responsa^  99  :  npT2  ^  (note  6  !).  Midr.  hag. 
284  :  ^  3H  \T  ;  621  :  NTN  (  =  ^«),  TN  (=^TK)  J  21O: 

22.  p.  103:  nt?  ni^:b  w^  KIIKD^  ni^3^  npn  N 


a  ninob  int^n  'la  n:n  nnb  B^K  nb  ^n^o  ^sn 
!?.  Harkavy  corrected  here  rightly  «n  Nob, 
but  offers  a  forced  explanation  ;  the  passage,  however, 
becomes  clear  by  a  comparison  with  p.  105,  where  we  find  : 
nins  nn  nro  nnsD^  n^  T'DNT  anpn  N^  NOX  N^I  npn  N 


xnnx  na    ^a»K  Nn^5;  for 
to   which  NnNo!>   above   corresponds,    read  likewise   (with 


Hark.)  :  Kn  No=xn  NDN  'after  which,  if  ',&c.  nns»  is  no 
doubt  inND  (in  accordance  with  the  Babylonian-Mandaic  pro- 
nunciation of  the  n)  in  the  sense  of  '  defer  ',  '  delay  ',  '  tarry  ', 
in  which  it  occurs  also  in  Syriac  (PSm.).  This  is  in 
agreement  with  'ira  (but  not  if  we  derive  it  from  "inDf  as 
Hark,  does,  for  then  we  should  expect  an  ethp.),  comp. 
Hal.  Ged.,  ed.  Venice,  fol.  77  b  :  mna  Tnh  n^  TDK.  That 
this  is  the  right  explanation  is  evident  from  Schechter, 
p.  22,  1.  6-7  :  naa  m»o^  n»[^]  nen  mpn  K^  NDN  «pi  ! 

Schechter,  D*DiD3lp,  p.  3,  11.  i-io,  are  contained  verbatim 
also  in  MS.  B,  in  the  same  place,  p.  30,  1.  5  f.,  which  Sch. 


POST-TALMUDIC-ARAMAIC    LEXICOGRAPHY — EPSTEIN       245 

already  seems  to  have  noticed  in  his  comment  on  1.  8 
(though  he  points  to  11.  1-3 !).  The  fragments  thus  supple- 
ment each  other. 

23.  p.  3  is  therefore  to  be  read  as  follows  :  , . .  [^o]pD  (i) 

pNn  jo  nvpt?]  b  ncyy  [NEK  N^I  pun  -it?]yo  bai  (2)  ...  [T^Jyo 
apy]  njh  :  bo  ntpyo  i^  ;nn  '3n . . .  JVN  omaso  (3)  [. . .  son 
TVI  'an  '131  nnos*  W  (4)  [^  unswt*  W  ^  inn  ns?N  bi  a»na 
[n«nn  nna  ...i?  MISWN]  n^y  '131  apjjn  (5)  [Tm  3sn3i  m:  apys] 
bo  (7)  [npyo  jn^o^  a^no  Nijonn  ^op  n^sD^  '121  jni»3N^  (6) 
'i3i  nsin  (8)  [}3sm  Nt^N"i3  3sn3T  -is^jyo^  rrann^  ^y3n?o  '131 
nxnp]  KONI  '«i  n^yon  (9)  [w»an  n»run]  n^yo  pvob  p^ya 
j>yn  naoa  (JM:  !)  NI  n^a  3n3  N^I  (10)  [nao  jn^n 
'•pi  mn  "3  (n)  (sicl)  [p]«n  ynroh.  With  1.  10  the 
fragment  B  breaks  up.  As  to  p.  30,  see  below.  To  11.  4-5 
comp.  Sheeltot,  no.  23.  Ni  (1.  10)  is  the  letter  waw, 
frequent  in  Anan ;  likewise  Hal.  Ged.,  ed.  Berlin,  340: 
nan  N£  rromh  .  .  .  ppin^n  N^I,  Pseudo-Saadya's  Comm.  Ber. 
56  a  (ed.  Wertheimer,  19  b) :  N1  }O  13  .  .  .  nicn  "iDQn  Nl. — 
1.  1 1  read :  .  . .  [«3nn3 

24.  1.  14  read:  bn 

, , ,  [NT-S.  To  nny  comp.  Hark.,  p.  3  :  ^n^N  N^n  Niny  paai 
innao  '  manna',  Syr.  Nliyiy  (PSm.  2975),  Hark.,  ^z'^.,  p.  123. 
— 1.  15  f.  read :  x[in  N]n^s  (16)  [t6i  xyx  p]  psjn  ^NO  i^asn 
.  . ,  ^ay  paa. 

25.  1.  1 8 :  n^yiTD  Nnan^o  ^annn  i?3  »p«n  OD  DO  n»a  '•ao 
.  .  .  niTai.     Sch.,  p.  67,  remarks  that  the  words  »p«n  ,.oo 
(j-zV ! !)  and  xian^o  are  doubtful  and  that  we  may  read  also  n 
instead  of  n  in  fcOan-'D.     Read  therefore   [yi]to  instead  of 
...  co  and  in  place  of  Ni3n'o :   wnaTO  (=  Nnano,  Ninn   |O, 
see  above),  «nan  'field'.     *y*n  perhaps  =  nD11  H,  as  p.  88: 
pp\s  =  pip'N,  see  above;  comp.  also  Hark.,  Resp.,  p.  160: 

sbn,  Harkavy  corrected 


246  THE   JEWISH    QUARTERLY    REVIEW 

26.  p.  4,  1.   7  ff.,  read:   WD  ny-tf  'N  'tti  K 

N3[ip-ie  !>y]  (9)  K^K  'i3i  ^<o  (sic\)  $>33  nvi>  m[n  B^ip-i]  (8) 
'131  NyiNzi  p!>[n  r6  JVN]  (10)  N^>  ntrNn  '121  D'Np  NyiNi.  nvi>  is 
an  abbreviation  of  the  Tetragrammaton,22  as  the  occasional 
>*V,  comp.  also  p.  30  TO  (see  below).  As  to  WHIt^,  which 
is  by  no  means  rare,  see  Remarks  on  the  Sheeltot.  — 
1.  15  read:  (sic\)  |K»  ipm  n[>ytn]. 

27.  p.  6,  1.  4  ff.,  read  :    [^33  Dm  $>3  1DB]  NON  «[p  .  .  . 
normi]  (6)  DINS  [nsp  '^  ^22]  3D2  nnpxi  nfonnni  onsn  'c^]  (5) 
Kin  ^]  (7)  'nan  nfvnpM^  T-«]  si'  '^  »^3  yinron 

'ttl  N»[N  Np.     Ibid.,  1.  8  ff.  read:  "i^rVNl]  (9)  "1132 
(12)  ixh  'w  ««m  •£  [IDJD  Np]  (n)  '131  y» 

n^D  N[^I  NDN  xp]  (13)  n3B>n  mv  'm 
(comp.  Revel,  JQR.,  N.  S.,  Ill,  392,  note),  see  Hadassi, 
Alph.  204,  letter  y.—  p.  8,  1.  17  ff.,  read  :  (r.  bl)  by  '3T 
^ai  nnoD[n]  n»[n33  om  'nsi  (Exod.  13.  13)  'ai  nes]  (18) 
NDNT  V  (19)  s:n  n^n^x  ton  [r-nbt>]m  n^xn  (Lev.  27.  27) 
...[...  NinJ  «1^n[«m]  («v  !)  NJ^^  noai  lion  (w  !)  n[oa 

28.  p.  7,  1.  13  f.  :  mine  njona^  n^N3  incnn  !?31  nnm  NCNI 
-ne>  [nnn  (see  y<2^.,  /^.  cit.,  p.  391),  read  nfea  =  nb  ^S3, 
comp.  talmudic  ^>"3T  ^s,  //d;/.  6"^.,  ed.  Ven.,  71  b:  ^N3T  ; 
so  also  below,  p.  9,  1.  4  f.  :  mn»D  [nojanob  mn  [»a]  .  .  .  *? 


29.  7^^.,  1.  27  f.,  read  :  nnt?]y  'sn  »wn  »e«Tp  '3 
N-j3i]3i  N^pnc^  n^n^N  *3«n  so^ysn  ND^N  (28)  [bpt^n  n-u 
n»b  paK'n  »BTP  73  (29)  ["D  N^pno  »an  on.  —  p.  12,  1.  25  ff, 
read  :  '3T  »DTP]  (26)  pn»y  nn  N^pnon  <wn  ^pno  prw  N^DI 
niB'y]  (27)  D^PB>  onBTn  ntron  D^PB>  nnt^y  ma  onry 
DS!?  rriT  nacn  [^pe>  nKT2ni  ;  comp.  Benjamin  Nahawendi, 
i»o»aa,  Gozlow,  1834,  fol.  2c:  nt^n  133  ^3  ^"xr  jay  nan 


23  A  similar  abbreviation  is  perhaps  also  the  word  ~v£  on  p.  5,  1.  a. 


POST-TALMUDIC-ARAMAIC    LEXICOGRAPHY  —  EPSTEIN      247 


rrva  aasi^  niys  DN  (Hark.,  p.  137).  The  word  riT3 
is  not  Arabic  (=  *£*),  as  Harkavy  thinks  (5,000  '  qirat  '  cannot 
possibly  be  equal  to  3,000  shekel  !),  nor  is  it  a  gloss,  but  it 
is  the  Hebrew  rna  (plene),  /i.e.  'iTia  is  equal  to  DNTp',  as 
Anan  actually  says  p.  7,  1.  27.  Comp.  also  the  citation 
from  Jephet's  Commentary  to  Exod.  30.  13  (Hark.,  206)  : 
'131  paNi  ^pi  DNTP  pipy  $vp  ma  entry  r6ipl.  The  value  of 
the  kikkar  =  3,000  shekel  was  fixed  by  the  Geonim  as  6,000 
Arabic  mithkal  (see  my  remark,  JQR.,  1913,  p.  439,  n.  128), 
but  Anan  fixed  it  at  5.000  mithkal  (=  niyo)  Sheshdang,  and 
Nahawendi  at  10,000  mithkal  (=  niyo),  as  also  Ibn  Janah, 
Neubauer,  p.  330;  comp.  also  Hark.,  Responsa,  p.  38.  — 
As  to  ^n  DHj  see  below. 

30.  pp.  14,  21  ff.,  read  :  '131  N13m  NOIO  [KWH&]  (22)  TDN1 
[rra  jrwuak]  (24)  '121  waao  NOID  n^a  «is[m  u]  (23)  rrrp  131 
7131  NOID.     Comp.  Bekorot  33  b  and  Sheeltot,  no.  44  (HG., 
ed.  Berlin,  p.  597)  :  N^oo  12  i'lD^  ny  D^BHpa  D1O  NTN^o!'  TDM 
"i3i  N^  DID  ^3  fyv  (Geonica,  362  :  n^ioo  n»a  b'Esn  ny). 

31.  p.  15,  1.  17,  read:  'vno  NEN  (sic\]  ^Nn  Npl  N[?ON  «]p 
.  .  .  i»  nonn  by&n-     Read  ^Kn  instead  of  ^xn,  which  Sch. 
himself   considers    as    doubtful.     '•iNrl  =  s:n    f  he   repeats  ', 
comp.  wn,  11.  22-3. 

32.  p.  17,  1.  14  f.,  read:   Nina  loyvb  vb^  NaDni  pn^ps 
'31  [n]^[n]  ^[njp^  (jwr!)  DNH"  (15)  [WUVK]  vb\  n^n  nnnpo 
7iai  -IKB'  b  i>N  B«K  t?»N.    DNH  (instead  of  onn)  =  on,  Persian  JU, 
Neo-Syriac    Bn    (see    my    Rechtsgutachten,   &c.,   p.    252), 
'likewise'.      DNn   (with   N)  also   in    a    gaonic    responsum, 
Hakedem,  II,  86   (no.   7):    J«  N3'N1  DniD3H  DV3  ^DH  I^MBVI 
?  «i>  IN  pn  ^y  in3»  n^oi»  pasMn^b  naxnatsn  DNnT,  ^.  ^.  and 
although  it  is  customary  to  bring  this  to  the  circumcision 
(it  remains'  questionable)  .  .  .  TIDE  (Hark.,   ibid.,  forced); 
similarly,  Mand.  DNn,  Noldeke,  Gramm.,  465.  —  As  to  the 


248  THE    JEWISH    QUARTERLY    REVIEW 


contents  and  style,  comp.  Shecltot,  no.  95  :  rvaiij  pr6 
'IDT  trx  B*K  nojop  rrnanp  BTK  aw»i>  tanc*. 

33.  p.  23,  11.  1-5  (until  .  .  .  }KO1)   is  cited  verbatim  by 
Abulfarag  Furkan  (Q^D)  in  his  manuscript  commentary  on 
Lev.,  Hark.,  p.  67,  1.  4  f.     The  beginning  of  this  passage 
can    therefore    be    supplied    from    Hark.,   p.    66,    no.    24 
(':i  taxn  nr  nx)—  p.  67,  1.  4  (IN  a^nai)  !    Similarly  the 
lacunae  in  11.  1-4  may  be  closed  up  through  Hark.,  67. 
Instead  of  7VNT  'N,  here  1.  4,  in  Hark.:  JVN1N  'while  it  is 
still'.  —  Ibid.,  1.30,  read:    [(p"nno)  ni]aiy  bx,  and  p.  24, 
1.  i,  read:  (sic  instead  of  <3C>!)  Wi  W»JD[!?  vuba»]oi>  f?  untrr 
[m]ni[ai]  N'aui  («V  instead   of   l6ttll)  «b;«,    comp.    1.  5: 

^en  n»n  bi  K»am  wyaen  wvi,  and  Hark.,  p.  67  : 
VD  ia^  n^asa  fb  I^DN  na^  bi,  and  p.  68:  rontrN 
-N  msiya  ~IPD  N^T.  —  p.  24.  n  :  ponn^'o  JOTT  in  ro, 
read   X3TT   (=  Ninna)  inna,   comp.  inn,  p.   28,   I2-I3.23  — 
p.  25,  1.  12  f.,  read:  nnyn  nin^  niano  pn«  HDD  nnanon  i^oi 
.  .  apn  'nan  xan11  nin  [nnyn  ninb  ^aj  pns  nuon]. 

34.  p.  27,  11.  i,  ii,  12:   "pi3Nn,  1.   7:   «p'a[Kn].      The 
meaning  of  the  word  becomes  evident  from  1.  1  2  : 


Nin  "piasn  Ninn  ;  hence  '  scratch  ',  '  scribble  ',  *  carve  ', 
'  carvings  '.  It  originated  from  ''iP/UNn  ;  Syr.  Juacu. 
'linea',  J^a*.  'step',  the  former  being  explained  by 
the  Syriac  lexica  as  Kna'nan  NCniDi  KOTDI  Nn:iiD,  PSm., 
1226;  the  latter  is  found  in  the  Talmud  piin,  pplin, 
but  in  one  explanation  —  certainly  gaonic  —  of  the  Aruk, 
s.  v.  n^aoN  :bin  HDID  wn:  Dipo  n^pan  ia  pipm  IIIN  fy  mm, 
therefore  likewise  with  3i—  1.  7:  JTN  bsbp3  read  H^Jp3 
'  easily  ',  adv.  like  similar  Syr.  and  Mand.  words  ;  opposite 
1.  8:  KnvB'pa.—  1.  23  r.  i3:b  (sicl)  m[pon  *]3jn.—  1.  26  r. 
pin  KDKI.  —  p.  28,  1.  14  f.  r.  :  myi>  mW  «<n 

23  Geonica,  234,  19  :  ND3N  inn3. 


POST-TALMUDIC-ARAMAIC    LEXICOGRAPHY — EPSTEIN       249 

nn  ix  No^a  in  xbx  TV*?  (15)  n"x  i6  nai  in^ot?  torn  x»[x  x]i>i 
[iirn]n  nrn^  m»roi  »awi  [Kajx'ao  ina  irpnn  Ntru^.  xax'ao 
instead  of  ...  N'3O  =  w;j» ;  naTioi  instead  of 
nx  zrro. 

35-  P-  3°>  !•  I  ff->  read :  ^  'TEP^  Hicry!>  Kao[ 
nin^  pyn  nao  psn  ynro  *pN[n  n^yD]  (2)  [^i]  'an 

(sic!)  *?i  K[ON  sp]  (3)  [nin^  {j>nip] 
an  (^zV!)  n[^yD]  (4)  [^a 
ira  (see  above,  nin^=)  n^  [n^yo]  (5)  [i>a] 

a^no  nB'yo  apn*]  (6)  [pxin  JNDJT  -4nov  nio 
r["1Nn]  (7)  [iB'yo  ^]  ^wna,  like  p.  3, 1.  2  flf.  (see 
above).  To  1.  5  end  comp.  p.  3,  1.  i  :  [?  i>a]p*D ;  the  space 
of  the  lacuna  (to  judge  from  the  points)  really  seems  to  be 
too  large  for  N^n  fKO.  The  lacunae  in  1.  7  f.  may  be  filled 
out  from  p.  3  (see  above).  Read  therefore  1.  12  f.  as  follows : 
worn  (13)  [»DP  (.rzV!)  n^Ja^^  [B*]a»N  [a^njon  »aM  ^n 
(sic!)  [KttB'Jya  n11^]!  '«i  jn^.  Last  line  read  probably: 

.  .  .],  see  above. 

36.    p.    32,    1.    9  ff.,    read:     D^ 

(10) 

a  Kirnix]  (u)  '•^ 

win  winiN  *[n^  }r>«ai  rnKa*  ••^  D^]  (12)  n^ 
pnsa  mnSn]  (13)  nx  DBW 
[^'t  DB>  WPI*T»6]  (14)  ni?  liNp  KPT.  Comp.  Hark.,  p.  3,  end 
and  f. :  jnx  nx  D^D  nbyrh  'nan  ^*»  D^  NHPN  'oa  Nnnixn 
NDN  xp  vby  o^anan  acr1  mxas  1|//'1  Diy  DB>  xipa  nc'x  D»r6iin 
n»a  rvx  fnxai  XDX  NP  »a«n  ^  DB>  DB>  Nipa  IB^K  tpnittn  pnx 
^N  nnyn  nx  jn^  np^i  'an  mm  ix^\s*  xa^x  x^  pnxai  »*'  n^ 
^  Dtr  xnmx^  n^  nxp  xpn  nan^'X  pixn.  Comp.  also  Responsa 
of  the  Geonim,  ed.  Cassel,  no.  15,  p.  3  b:  iiaya  pixn  npyo 

24  A.  ^  after  the  H1D111   H1O  of  ver.  29  !     How  Sch.  found  this  unclear 
I  fail  to  perceive. 


250  THE   JEWISH    QUARTERLY    REVIEW 

/iji  nnan  pis  nan  'w  ixtan  wn  jnKm?  tfrodb  i^no  n»nt?  "H^on 
33-4,  see  above.25 

INDEX    OF   WORDS   COMMENTED   UPON 

P2K  =  cleave,  stick  (no.  n). 

NTJ3N  =  arm  (no.  8). 

-ins  (=  ins),  IPIKO  =  tarry,  linger  (no.  22). 

ND3  1K  =  or  however  much  (no.  10). 

»fli3K,  »BO»K  (=  NSD'y)  =  fold,  bend  (no.  20). 

(=  IDN),  n>tax,  (gaonic  also  ita'N)  (no.  17). 
^  '•NON  —  wherefore,  why  then  ;  introducing  a  question 
(no.  15). 

(=  noy),  1D<»  =  submerge  (gaonic  also  Niov:)  (no.  13). 
D13  (Dia^D  po»T3)  =  weave,  twist  (no.  3). 
•na,  «ma  (nxna,  *na)  (no.  i),  see  nxna. 
ha  (rrinyns)  (no.  2). 
N31N  (=  13TN,  also  gaonic)  (no.  17). 
an  =  field  (no.  25). 
(DTo)  =  last,  continue  (no.  7). 
n;    on  =  likewise  ;    although    (the    latter    only    gaonic) 

(no.  32). 

NT  =  letter  waw  (no.  23).    . 
lit  ("VT)  =  press  together  (no.  4). 
»f  (=  i><T),  gaonic  (no.  21). 
«n  (=  N«n,  ,^.)  =  soon  (no.  17). 

,    «p*3«n    (=  'pun)  =  scratch,  carvings  ;   gaonic    D'pnn 
=  steps  (no.  34). 
=  make  white  (no.  16). 


83  P-  34,  1-9  end,  read  :  [tOjlHN  33^O     V,  comp.  1.  10  :  N3"inN 
according  to  Hark.,  /.  c.  —  1.  15  read  :  Kin  31  n[NED  '3   DH]   <» 
"131  3^31,  comp.  Hark.,  /.  c. 


POST-TALMUDIC-ARAMAIC    LEXICOGRAPHY — EPSTEIN      251 

?N  (=  -vpN,  TplN),  gaonic  (no.  17). 
i,  '  Nabatean ',  see  NTT:. 
(=:  pan)  =  pressed  (no.  12). 
Di3,  DD3  (DiarPO,  D^nis)  =  be  rebuked,  punished  (no.  14). 
(n^K3  =  rb   i>N3),    ^3   (rvb  =  n-6    i>3)  =  put  together 
(no.  28). 

3  (no.  9). 
(no.  10). 
',  Syr.  and  gaonic  (No.  18). 

^,  Mand.  (Introduction). 
inxio,  see  "ins. 
D3,  *O3  (no.  1 8),  see  0?. 
NOH3,  Ni:^,  talmudic  (Introduction). 
[WBD],  opposite  of  w6p  (no.  n). 
NDSD  (=  nDDD)  (no.  17). 
NDD11!?*,  see  NDD-N. 
Niny,  Hny  =  manna  (no.  24). 

(NIP),  iVN  (=  pip-N),  v  (=np*?),  nvp11:  (=nvnp1|3)  (nos.  21 
and  25). 
vp  =  easily  (no.  34). 

(NT-^,  l^o)  =  spin  (no.  i). 
n^  ^jBflD  (=  n^  T1:^),  gaonic  (no.  17). 
lin  (T»n,  1«no,  m»n)=  return,  bring  back  (no.  5). 


(To  be  continued.) 


